Abstract
HyperCard was used to develop a simplified tutoring system whose principles were based on a learning theory, and a genetics tutoring system was evaluated experimentally. Learning was studied by examining immediate versus delayed feedback after an error was made. Such tutoring systems aid in psychological studies of learning, because experimental variables can be easily manipulated. HyperCard provides a good vehicle for tutoring system development, since it requires no extensive programming skills.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, J. R. (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill.Psychological Review,89, 369–406.
Anderson, J. R. (1987). Methodologies for studying human knowledge.Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 10, 467–505.
Anderson, J. R., Boyle, C. F., Corbett, A., & Lewis, M. (1986).Cognitive modelling and intelligent tutoring (Tech. Rep. No. ONR86-91). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie-Mellon University, Department of Psychology.
Anderson, J. R., Boyle, C. F., Farrell, R., &Reiser, B. (1984a). Cognitive principles in the design of computer tutors. InSixth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Program (pp. 2–16). Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, Institute of Cognitive Science.
Anderson, J. R., Boyle, C. F., &Reiser, B. (1985a). Intelligent tutoring systems.Science, 228, 456–462.
Anderson, J. R., Boyle, C. F., &Yost, G. (1985b). The geometry tutor. InProceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1–7). Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Anderson, J. R., Farrell, R., &Sauers, R. (1984b). Learning to program in LISP.Cognitive Science,8, 87–129.
Anderson, J. R., &Skwarecki, E. (1986). The automated tutoring of introductory computer programming.Communications of the ACM,29, 842–849.
Brown, J. S., Burton, R. R., &de Kleer, J. (1982). Pedagogical, natural language and knowledge engineering techniques in SOPHIE I, II, and HI. In D. Sleeman & J.S. Brown (Eds.),Intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 227–282). New York: Academic Press.
Brown, J. S., Collins, A., &Duguid, P. (1988).Situated cognition and the culture of learning (Tech. Rep. No. 6886). Cambridge, MA: Bolt, Beranek, & Newman.
Burns, H., Parlett, J. W., &Redfield, C. L. (1991).Intelligent tutoring systems. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Burton, R. R., &Brown, J. S. (1979). Toward a natural language capability for computer-assisted instruction. In H. O’Neil (Ed.),Procedures for instructional systems development (pp. 79–98). New York: Academic Press.
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., &Newell, A. (1983).The psychology of human-computer interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Farrell, R. G., Anderson, J. R., &Reiser, B. J. (1985). An interactive computer-based tutorial for LISP. InProceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 106–109). Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Fischetti, E., &Gisolfi, A. (1990). From computer-aided instruction to intelligent tutoring systems.Educational Technology,30, 7–12.
Foss, C. L. (1987a).Learning from errors in ALGEBRALAND (Tech. Rep. No. IRL-87-0003). Palo Alto, CA: Institute for Research on Learning.
Foss, C. L. (1987b).Memory for self-derived solutions to problems (Tech. Rep. No. IRL-87-O0O2). Palo Alto, CA: Institute for Research on Learning.
Goodman, D. (1987).The complete HyperCard handbook. New York: Bantam Computer Books.
Goodman, D. (1990).The complete HyperCard 2.0 handbook. New York: Bantam Computer Books.
Kieras, D. E. (1987).A guide to GOMS task analysis. Unpublished manuscript. University of Michigan, Department of Psychology.
Kimball, R. (1982). A self-improving tutor for symbolic integration. In D. Sleeman & J. S. Brown (Eds.),Intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 283–308). New York: Academic Press.
Lee, A. Y. (1989).A preliminary look at timing of feedback in tutoring systems (ICS Tech. Rep. No. 89-10). Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, Institute of Cognitive Science.
Lee, A. Y., Polson, P. G., &Bailey, W. B. (1989). Learning and transfer of measurement tasks. In K. Bice & C. Lewis (Eds.),CHI’89 Conference proceedings: Human factors in computing systems (pp. 115–120). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Lewis, M. W., &Anderson, J. R. (1985). Discrimination of operator schemata in problem solving: Learning from examples.Cognitive Psychology,17, 26–65.
Lewis, M. W., Milson, R., &Anderson, J. R. (1987). The TEACHER’S APPRENTICE: Designing an intelligent authoring system for high school mathematics. In G. Kearsley (Ed.),Artificial intelligence and instruction: Applications and methods (pp. 269–301). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
McKendree, J. (1986).Impact of feedback content during complex skill acquisition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh.
Neches, R., Langley, P., &Klahr, D. (1987). Learning, development, and production systems. In D. Klahr, P. Langley, & R. Neches (Eds.),Production system models of learning and development (pp. 1–45). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
O’Shea, T. (1982). A self-improving quadratic tutor: A self-improving tutor for symbolic integration. In D. Sleeman & J. S. Brown (Eds.),Intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 309–336). New York: Academic Press.
Polson, M. C., &Richardson, J. J. (1988).Foundations of intelligent tutoring systems. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Psotka, J., Massey, L. D., &Mutter, S. A. (1988).Intelligent tutoring systems: Lessons learned. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Reiser, B. J.,Anderson, J. R., &Farrell, R. G. (1985).Dynamic student modelling in an intelligent tutor for LISP programming. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 8–14). Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Singley, K. (1987). Developing models of skill acquisition in the context of intelligent tutoring systems. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh.
Singley, K. (in press). Improving operator selection through goal posting in a calculus word problem tutor. Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Education.
Skinner, B. F. (1958). Teaching machines.Science,128, 889–977.
VanLehn, K. (1988). Toward a theory of impasse-driven learning. In H. Mandl & A. Lesgold (Eds.),Learning issues for intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 19–41). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Wenger, E. (1987).Artificial intelligence and tutoring systems. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Peter Foltz and Nancy Pennington for their invaluable aid in the preparation of this paper and advice on the psychological aspects of the project. I also wish to thank Michele Lee and Jane Bock for assistance on the biological aspects of the tutoring system. In addition, I wish to thank Peter Poison, Clayton Lewis, Jan Gehrig, Philip Thompson, Paula Messamer, Keith Harmon, Jean McKendree, and Matthew Lewis for their help, and the anonymous reviewers for comments on a draft of this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, A.Y. Using tutoring systems to study learning: An application of HyperCard. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 24, 205–212 (1992). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203497
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203497