Research Article
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An examination of the relationship between self-compassion, temperament types and cognitive flexibility according to deceiving tendency

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 168 - 176, 27.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1252898

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine self-compassion, temperament types and cognitive flexibility characteristics of individuals residing in Istanbul, Turkey aged between 16 and 85 years who never cheated and who cheated at least once.
Material and Method: The sample of this study consists of 93 individuals who never cheated and 83 individuals who cheated at least once, residing in Istanbul, Turkey aged between 16 and 85 years. The sample was selected by using simple random sampling. The sample was administered Sociodemographic Form, Deception Tendency Scale (DTS), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) and Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS). First, it was checked whether there was a normal distribution or not. For this, skewness and kurtosis values were checked. This study was carried out by the relational screening model, one of the quantitative research methods. Statistical evaluations were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 25.0.
Results: The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between self-compassion components: self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, and over-identification scores of individuals with and without tendency to deceive (p<.05). There was a positive relationship between psychological flexibility and romantic relationship quality (p<.05). Individuals without tendency to deceive scored higher on self-compassion, self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification compared to individuals with tendency to deceive (p<.05). There was a significant difference between cognitive flexibility scores of individuals with and without tendency to deceive (p<.05).
Conclusion: The results of the study revealed the importance of the cognitive flexibility.

References

  • Sprecher S. Social exchange theories and sexuality the use of theory in research and scholarship on sexuality. J Sex Res 1998; 1: 32-43.
  • Hall JH, Fincham FD. Relationship dissolution following infidelity: The roles of attributions and forgiveness. J Soc Clin Psychol 2006; 25: 508-22.
  • Carnes P. Out of the shadows. Minneapolis: CompCare Publishers; 1983.
  • Moultrup D. Husbands, wives & lovers: The emotional system of the extramarital affair. New York: Guilford Press; 1990.
  • Wiederman MW. Extramarital sex: Prevalence and correlates in a national survey. J Sex Res 1997; 2: 167-74.
  • Kinsey A, Pomeroy W, Martin C, Gebhard P. Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1953.
  • Drigotas SM, Barta W. The cheating heart: Scientific explorations of infidelity. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2001; 5: 177-80.
  • Whisman MA, Gordon KC, Chatav Y. Predicting sexual infidelity in a population-based sample of married individuals. J Fam Psychol 2007; 2: 320-24.
  • Buss DM, Shackelford TK. Susceptibility to infidelity in the first year of marriage. Journal of Research in Personality 1997; 2: 193-221.
  • Neff KD. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity 2003; 2: 85-102.
  • Goetz JL, Keltner D, Simon-Thomas E. Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychol bull 2010; 3: 351-74.
  • Yarnell L M, Neff KD. Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being. Self and Identity 2013; 2: 146-59.
  • Neff K, Germer, C. Self-compassion and psychological. The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science, 371; 2017.
  • Yağbasanlar O. A conceptual glance: self-compassion. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Derg 2017; 2: 88‐101.
  • Alkahtanı AH, Abu-Jarad I, Sulaiman M, Nikbin D. The impact of personality and leadership styles on leading change capability of malaysian managers. Australian J Business Management Res 2011; 2: 70-99.
  • Korkmaz, B. Öz-duyarlık: psikolojik belirtiler ile ilişkisi ve psikoterapide kullanımı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 2018; 1: 40-58.
  • Cormier S, Cormier B. Interviewing strategies for helpers. Pasific Grove (California): Brooks/Cole Publishing Company; 1997.
  • Stevens AD. Social problem-solving and cognitive flexibility: Relations to social skills and problem behavior of at-risk young children (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Available from ProOuest Dissertations and Theses database; 2009.
  • Martin MM, Anderson CM, Thweatt KS. Aggressive communication traits and their relationship with the cognitive flexibility scale and the communication flexibility scale. J Soc Behav Pers 1998; 3: 34-45.
  • Carroll DJ, Blakey E, FitzGibbon L. Cognitive flexibility in young children: Beyond perseveration. Child Development Perspectives 2016; 4: 211–5.
  • Neff KD, Kirkpatrick KL, Rude SS. Self-compassion and adaptive psychological unctioning. J Res Pers 2007; 41: 139-54.
  • Neff KD, Hsieh Y, Dejitthirat K. Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity 2005; 4: 263-87.
  • Martin MM, Staggers SM, Anderson CM. The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports 2011; 3: 275-80.
  • Cohen J. Quantitative methods in psychology: A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 1992; 112(1): 155-9.
  • Hahs-Vaughn DL, Lomax R.G. Statistical Concepts A First Course. Routledge: New York; 2020.
  • Can, Abdullah. SPSS ile Bilimsel Araştırma Sürecinde Nicel Veri Analizi, 7. Baskı, Pegem Akademi, Ankara; 2019.
  • Büyüköztürk, Şener. Sosyal Bilimler Için Veri Analizi El Kitabı, 11. Baskı, Pegem Akademi, Ankara; 2010.
  • Field, Andy. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, (Third Edition), Sage Publications Ltd., London; 2009.
  • Polat D. Examining the relationship between martial adjustment, infidelity tendency and conflict tendency among married couples according to some variables. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. [Postgraduate thesis]; 2006.
  • Akın Ü, Akın A, Abacı R. Self-compassion scale: The study of validity and reliability]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2007; 33: 1-10.
  • Akiskal HS. In: Robins L, Barrett, J (Eds.). Validating affective personality types: In the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. Raven Press 1989; 217-27.
  • Vahip S, Kesebir S, Alkan M, Yazıcı O, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. Affective temperaments in clinically-well subjects in Turkey: initial psychometric data on the TEMPS-A. J Affect Disord 2005; 85: 113-25.
  • Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2010; 34: 241-53.
  • Gülüm İV, Dağ İ. The Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of the repetitive thinking questionnaire and cognitive flexibility inventory. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2012; 13: 216-23.
  • Sayin A, Aslan S. The relationship between mood disorders and temperament character and personality. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2005; 16: 276–83.
  • Akiskal HS. Validating ‘hard’and ‘soft’ phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity or discontinuity. J Affect Disord 2003; 1: 1-5.
  • Gilbert, P, Irons, C. Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. In Compassion (pp. 263-325). Routledge; 2005.
  • Cormier S, Cormier B. Interviewing strategies for helpers. Pasific Grove (California): Brooks/Cole Publishing Company; 1997.
  • Bibi S, Masood S, Ahmad M, Bukhari S. Effect of self-compassion on the marital adjustment of Pakistani adults. Foundation University Journal of Psychology 2017; 2: 52-66.
  • Wispé L. The psychology of sympathy. Springer Science & Business Media; 1991.
  • Onaylı S. Emotional reactions to infidelity: examining the roles of self-compassion, forgiveness, rumination and cognitive appraisal (Doctoral Thesis). Middle East Technical University; 2019.
  • Thompson LY, Snyder CR, Hoffman L, Michael ST, Rasmussen HN, Billings LS. Forgiveness of self, others, and situations. J Pers 2005; 73: 313-59.
  • Solmuş T. Romantic attachment (II): Relational variables and process. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni 2003; 9: 99-208.
  • Yumbul, C, Cavusoglu, S, Geyimci B. The effect of childhood trauma on adult attachment styles, infidelity tendency, romantic jealousy and self-esteem. Procedia Social Behav Sci 2010; 5: 1741-45.
  • Bilgin M. Some variables predicting cognitive flexibility. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Derg 2009; 3:142-52.
  • Flanigan, B. Forgivers and the unforgivable, Exploring Forgiveness, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press; 1998.
  • Gueta, K. Self-forgiveness in the recovery of israeli drug-addicted mothers: a qualitative exploration. J Drug Issues 2013; 43(4): 450-67.
  • Kuloğlu M, Çayköylü A, Albayrak Y. Siklotimik bozukluk. Klinik Psikiyatri Derg 2007; 10(4): 216-22.
  • Demirpençe D, Guliyev EI, Gurbuz HGA. Afektif mizaç özelliklerinin duygu düzenleme zorluklarında etkisi. Klinik Psikiyatri Derg 2021; 24(3): 350-8.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, A. Bilişsel esnekliğin yordayıcıları. Cumhuriyet Int J Educ 2013; 2(1): 86-101.
Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 168 - 176, 27.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1252898

Abstract

References

  • Sprecher S. Social exchange theories and sexuality the use of theory in research and scholarship on sexuality. J Sex Res 1998; 1: 32-43.
  • Hall JH, Fincham FD. Relationship dissolution following infidelity: The roles of attributions and forgiveness. J Soc Clin Psychol 2006; 25: 508-22.
  • Carnes P. Out of the shadows. Minneapolis: CompCare Publishers; 1983.
  • Moultrup D. Husbands, wives & lovers: The emotional system of the extramarital affair. New York: Guilford Press; 1990.
  • Wiederman MW. Extramarital sex: Prevalence and correlates in a national survey. J Sex Res 1997; 2: 167-74.
  • Kinsey A, Pomeroy W, Martin C, Gebhard P. Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1953.
  • Drigotas SM, Barta W. The cheating heart: Scientific explorations of infidelity. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2001; 5: 177-80.
  • Whisman MA, Gordon KC, Chatav Y. Predicting sexual infidelity in a population-based sample of married individuals. J Fam Psychol 2007; 2: 320-24.
  • Buss DM, Shackelford TK. Susceptibility to infidelity in the first year of marriage. Journal of Research in Personality 1997; 2: 193-221.
  • Neff KD. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity 2003; 2: 85-102.
  • Goetz JL, Keltner D, Simon-Thomas E. Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychol bull 2010; 3: 351-74.
  • Yarnell L M, Neff KD. Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being. Self and Identity 2013; 2: 146-59.
  • Neff K, Germer, C. Self-compassion and psychological. The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science, 371; 2017.
  • Yağbasanlar O. A conceptual glance: self-compassion. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Derg 2017; 2: 88‐101.
  • Alkahtanı AH, Abu-Jarad I, Sulaiman M, Nikbin D. The impact of personality and leadership styles on leading change capability of malaysian managers. Australian J Business Management Res 2011; 2: 70-99.
  • Korkmaz, B. Öz-duyarlık: psikolojik belirtiler ile ilişkisi ve psikoterapide kullanımı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 2018; 1: 40-58.
  • Cormier S, Cormier B. Interviewing strategies for helpers. Pasific Grove (California): Brooks/Cole Publishing Company; 1997.
  • Stevens AD. Social problem-solving and cognitive flexibility: Relations to social skills and problem behavior of at-risk young children (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Available from ProOuest Dissertations and Theses database; 2009.
  • Martin MM, Anderson CM, Thweatt KS. Aggressive communication traits and their relationship with the cognitive flexibility scale and the communication flexibility scale. J Soc Behav Pers 1998; 3: 34-45.
  • Carroll DJ, Blakey E, FitzGibbon L. Cognitive flexibility in young children: Beyond perseveration. Child Development Perspectives 2016; 4: 211–5.
  • Neff KD, Kirkpatrick KL, Rude SS. Self-compassion and adaptive psychological unctioning. J Res Pers 2007; 41: 139-54.
  • Neff KD, Hsieh Y, Dejitthirat K. Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity 2005; 4: 263-87.
  • Martin MM, Staggers SM, Anderson CM. The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports 2011; 3: 275-80.
  • Cohen J. Quantitative methods in psychology: A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 1992; 112(1): 155-9.
  • Hahs-Vaughn DL, Lomax R.G. Statistical Concepts A First Course. Routledge: New York; 2020.
  • Can, Abdullah. SPSS ile Bilimsel Araştırma Sürecinde Nicel Veri Analizi, 7. Baskı, Pegem Akademi, Ankara; 2019.
  • Büyüköztürk, Şener. Sosyal Bilimler Için Veri Analizi El Kitabı, 11. Baskı, Pegem Akademi, Ankara; 2010.
  • Field, Andy. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, (Third Edition), Sage Publications Ltd., London; 2009.
  • Polat D. Examining the relationship between martial adjustment, infidelity tendency and conflict tendency among married couples according to some variables. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. [Postgraduate thesis]; 2006.
  • Akın Ü, Akın A, Abacı R. Self-compassion scale: The study of validity and reliability]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2007; 33: 1-10.
  • Akiskal HS. In: Robins L, Barrett, J (Eds.). Validating affective personality types: In the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. Raven Press 1989; 217-27.
  • Vahip S, Kesebir S, Alkan M, Yazıcı O, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. Affective temperaments in clinically-well subjects in Turkey: initial psychometric data on the TEMPS-A. J Affect Disord 2005; 85: 113-25.
  • Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2010; 34: 241-53.
  • Gülüm İV, Dağ İ. The Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of the repetitive thinking questionnaire and cognitive flexibility inventory. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2012; 13: 216-23.
  • Sayin A, Aslan S. The relationship between mood disorders and temperament character and personality. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2005; 16: 276–83.
  • Akiskal HS. Validating ‘hard’and ‘soft’ phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity or discontinuity. J Affect Disord 2003; 1: 1-5.
  • Gilbert, P, Irons, C. Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. In Compassion (pp. 263-325). Routledge; 2005.
  • Cormier S, Cormier B. Interviewing strategies for helpers. Pasific Grove (California): Brooks/Cole Publishing Company; 1997.
  • Bibi S, Masood S, Ahmad M, Bukhari S. Effect of self-compassion on the marital adjustment of Pakistani adults. Foundation University Journal of Psychology 2017; 2: 52-66.
  • Wispé L. The psychology of sympathy. Springer Science & Business Media; 1991.
  • Onaylı S. Emotional reactions to infidelity: examining the roles of self-compassion, forgiveness, rumination and cognitive appraisal (Doctoral Thesis). Middle East Technical University; 2019.
  • Thompson LY, Snyder CR, Hoffman L, Michael ST, Rasmussen HN, Billings LS. Forgiveness of self, others, and situations. J Pers 2005; 73: 313-59.
  • Solmuş T. Romantic attachment (II): Relational variables and process. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni 2003; 9: 99-208.
  • Yumbul, C, Cavusoglu, S, Geyimci B. The effect of childhood trauma on adult attachment styles, infidelity tendency, romantic jealousy and self-esteem. Procedia Social Behav Sci 2010; 5: 1741-45.
  • Bilgin M. Some variables predicting cognitive flexibility. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Derg 2009; 3:142-52.
  • Flanigan, B. Forgivers and the unforgivable, Exploring Forgiveness, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press; 1998.
  • Gueta, K. Self-forgiveness in the recovery of israeli drug-addicted mothers: a qualitative exploration. J Drug Issues 2013; 43(4): 450-67.
  • Kuloğlu M, Çayköylü A, Albayrak Y. Siklotimik bozukluk. Klinik Psikiyatri Derg 2007; 10(4): 216-22.
  • Demirpençe D, Guliyev EI, Gurbuz HGA. Afektif mizaç özelliklerinin duygu düzenleme zorluklarında etkisi. Klinik Psikiyatri Derg 2021; 24(3): 350-8.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, A. Bilişsel esnekliğin yordayıcıları. Cumhuriyet Int J Educ 2013; 2(1): 86-101.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Onur Okan Demirci 0000-0003-4188-4220

Kahraman Güler 0000-0002-0049-0658

Publication Date March 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Demirci OO, Güler K. An examination of the relationship between self-compassion, temperament types and cognitive flexibility according to deceiving tendency. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. March 2023;5(2):168-176. doi:10.38053/acmj.1252898

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