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Investigation of Lubricant Additive Interactions on Gasoline Particulate Filters
- Michael J. Lance - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA ,
- Todd Toops - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA ,
- Melanie Moses-DeBusk - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA ,
- Brian C. Kaul - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA ,
- Christine Lambert - Ford Motor Company, USA ,
- Xin Liu - Ford Motor Company, USA ,
- Huimin Luo - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA ,
- Jun Qu - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA ,
- Ryan Rieth - Infineum, USA ,
- Andrew Ritchie - Infineum, USA ,
- Shean P. Huff - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA ,
- Matti Maricq - Ford Motor Company, USA ,
- Douglas Dobson - Ford Motor Company, USA ,
- Arup Gangopadhyay - Ford Motor Company, USA ,
- Timothy Chanko - Ford Motor Company, USA
Journal Article
04-16-03-0019
ISSN: 1946-3952, e-ISSN: 1946-3960
Sector:
Citation:
Lance, M., Toops, T., Moses-DeBusk, M., Kaul, B. et al., "Investigation of Lubricant Additive Interactions on Gasoline Particulate Filters," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 16(3):273-286, 2023, https://doi.org/10.4271/04-16-03-0019.
Language:
English
Abstract:
To understand how the composition of novel lubricant additives and their ash
interact with gasoline particulate filters (GPFs), an accelerated aging protocol
was conducted using three lubricant additive formulations and two GPF types. The
additive packages (adpaks) consisted of Ca+Mg detergent in a 3:1 or 0:1 ratio
and an anti-wear component—either zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) or a novel
phosphonium-phosphinate ionic liquid (IL) substitute. The particulate sampling
captured amount/compositions of particulate matter (PM) generated, total
particulate number, and size distribution. Five ash loadings were completed. GPF
position and adpak composition affected the backpressure, ash composition, ash
morphology, and captured mass. The particulate sampling indicated that the ash
component consisted primarily of particles less than 50 nm in size and that the
Mg-only adpak resulted in more particulate of 50–400 nm in size. Postmortem
materials characterization indicated GPFs in the underfloor position had deeper
penetration of ash into the walls compared to the close-coupled position.
Additionally, the Mg-only adpak had a higher filter collection efficiency
(>90%) and the ash particles consisted of a higher concentration of dense ash
material. In contrast, four of the 3:1 Ca:Mg lubricant adpaks resulted in a
collection efficiency of only 40–50%. Although the collection efficiency was
higher with the Mg-only adpak, the ash layer in the GPF was not thicker, nor was
the penetration into the wall more significant, and surprisingly the full useful
life (FUL) backpressure was lower than with Ca:Mg adpaks. The higher density of
the Mg-derived ash was the only detectable difference. A possible explanation of
this observation is that Mg ash has a lower melting point and is more
susceptible to densification during combustion or GPF regeneration. The
substitution of IL in place of the ZDDP did not lead to any notable changes in
collection efficiency or location of the ash.