Organizational Form as a Source of Systemic Risk

References

Aberdeen Railway Co v Blaikie Bros 1854 1 Macq. 461. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Railway_Co_v_Blaikie_BrothersSearch in Google Scholar

Acharya, V., Philippon, T., Richardson, M., and Roubini, N. (2009). The financial crisis of 2007–2009: Causes and remedies. In V. Acharya and M. Richardson (Eds.), Restoring financial stability: How to repair a failed system. New York, NY: New York University Press. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0416.2009.00147_2.x/full10.1111/j.1468-0416.2009.00147_2.xSearch in Google Scholar

Allen, F., and Carletti, E. (2008). Mark-to-market accounting and liquidity pricing. Journal of Accounting and Economics 45: 358–378. http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jaecon/v45y2008i2-3p358-378.html10.1016/j.jacceco.2007.02.005Search in Google Scholar

Aris, S. (2000). Building the Northern Rock. London: James and James (Publishers) Ltd.Search in Google Scholar

Artis, M., and Taylor, M. (1989). Abolishing exchange controls: The UK experience. Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper 294. http://www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP294.aspSearch in Google Scholar

Bab, H. (1938). The evolution of the British building society. Economic History Review 9(1): 56–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/258996710.2307/2589967Search in Google Scholar

Bank of England. (2011). Instruments of macroprudential policy: A Discussion Paper. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/other/financialstability/discussionpaper111220.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

BBC News. (2011). Banking industry gives up on PPI mis-selling battle. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13330858Search in Google Scholar

Beale, N., Rand, D., Battey, H., Croxson, K., May, R., and Nowak, M. (2011). Individual versus systemic risk and the Regulator’s Dilemma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105882108. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/07/13/1105882108.full.pdf+html10.1073/pnas.1105882108Search in Google Scholar

Berle, A., and Means, G. (1991). The modern corporation and private property. Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

Bernanke, B. (2005). The global saving glut and the U.S. current account deficit. Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke At the Sandridge Lecture, Virginia Association of Economists, Richmond, Virginia. http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2005/200503102/default.htmSearch in Google Scholar

Bernanke, B., Gertler, M., and Gilchrist, S. (1998). The financial accelerator in a quantitative business cycle framework. NBER Working Paper Number 6455. http://www.nber.org/papers/w645510.3386/w6455Search in Google Scholar

Bernstein, P. (1998). Against the gods: The remarkable story of risk. New York, NY: Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

Bezemer, D. (2011). Causes of financial instability: Don’t forget finance. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Number 665. http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_665.pdf10.2139/ssrn.1808020Search in Google Scholar

Bholat, D., Dunn, A., and Gray, J. (2012). Share and share alike? Hedge funds, human rights, and owning enterprise in Britain. Journal of Law and Society 39(2): 185–212. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2012.00578.x/full10.1111/j.1467-6478.2012.00578.xSearch in Google Scholar

Billings, M., and Capie, F. (2011). Financial crisis, contagion, and the British banking system between the world wars. Business History 53(2) April: 193–215. http://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/bushst/v53y2011i2p193-215.html10.1080/00076791.2011.555105Search in Google Scholar

Bisias, D., Flood, M., Lo, A., and Valavanis, S. (2012). A survey of systemic risk analytics. Office of Financial Research Working Paper 1. http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/wsr/ofr/Documents/OFRwp0001_BisiasFloodLoValavanis_ASurveyOfSystemicRiskAnalytics.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Boléat, M. (1987). The Building Society Industry. London: Allen & Unwin.Search in Google Scholar

Bordo, M. (1992). The Bretton Woods international monetary system: An historical overview. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 4033. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c6867.pdf10.3386/w4033Search in Google Scholar

Borio, C., and Disyatat, P. (2011). Global imbalances and the financial crisis: Link or no link? Working Paper Number 346. Bank for International Settlements, Basel, Switzerland. http://www.bis.org/publ/work346.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Borland’s Trustee v Steel Bros & Co Ltd [1901] 1 Ch 279.Search in Google Scholar

British Bankers’ Association. (2012). Abstract of Banking Statistics 28-2011. London: British Bankers’ Association.Search in Google Scholar

Brummer, A. (2008). The crunch: The scandal of Northern Rock and the escalating credit crisis. London: Random House Business Books.Search in Google Scholar

Building Societies Association. 2009. Submission to the Walker Review. http://www.bsa.org.uk/policy/response/walker_review_bsa_response.htmSearch in Google Scholar

Building Societies Act 1986.Search in Google Scholar

Building Societies Act 1997.Search in Google Scholar

Callen, T.S., and Lomax, J.W. (1990). The development of the building societies sector in the 1980s. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin (November): 503–513.Search in Google Scholar

Calomiris, C. (2008). The subprime turmoil: What’s old, what’s new, and what’s next. VOX, 22 August 2008. http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/1561Search in Google Scholar

Calomiris, C. (2010). Banking crises yesterday and today. Financial History Review 17(1): 3-12. http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FFHR%2FFHR17_01%2FS0968565010000028a.pdf&code=3b77c83f6adc9a7fa239898b8d35813a10.1017/S0968565010000028Search in Google Scholar

Capie, F. (2011). British financial crises in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Paper presented at Durham University.Search in Google Scholar

Capie, F., and Billings, M. (2001). Profitability in English banking in the twentieth century. European Review of Economic History 5(3): 367–401. http://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/ereveh/v5y2001i03p367-401_00.html10.1017/S1361491601000144Search in Google Scholar

Capie, F., and Billings, M. (2004). Evidence on competition in English commercial banking, 1920–1970. Financial History Review 11(1): 69–103. http://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/fihrev/v11y2004i01p69-103_00.html10.1017/S0968565004000058Search in Google Scholar

Capie, F., Goodhart, C., and Schnadt, N. (1994). The development of central banking. F. Capie, C. Goodhart, and N. Schnadt (Eds.), The future of central banking: The tercentenary symposium of the Bank of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Casu, B., Girardone, C., and Molyneux, P. (2006). Introduction to banking. Harlow: Pearson.Search in Google Scholar

Cerutti, E., Claessens, S., and McGuire, P. (2012). Systemic risk in global banking: What can available data tell us and what more data are needed? BIS Working Papers 376. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements. http://www.bis.org/publ/work376.htmSearch in Google Scholar

Chen, S. (2007). Northern Rock: The unravelling. Panmure Gordon & Company.Search in Google Scholar

Chick, V. (2008). Could the crisis at Northern Rock have been predicted? An evolutionary approach. Contributions to Political Economy 27(1): 115-124. http://cpe.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/1/115.full.pdf+html10.1093/cpe/bzn007Search in Google Scholar

Companies Act 1985.Search in Google Scholar

Companies Act 2006.Search in Google Scholar

Congdon, T. (2009). The Northern Rock affair: An analysis of the “teaser rate strategy.” In F. Bruni and D. Llewellyn (Eds.), The failure of Northern Rock: A multidimensional case study. Vienna, Austria: SUERF–The European Money and Finance Forum. http://ideas.repec.org/h/erf/erfssc/53-10.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Congdon, T. (2011). Money in a Free Society: Keynes, Friedman, and the New Crisis in Capitalism. New York: Encounter Books.Search in Google Scholar

Cook, J., Deakin, S., and Hughes, A. (2002). Mutuality and corporate governance: The evolution of UK building societies following deregulation. Journal of Corporate Law Studies 2: 110–138. http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/corplstd2&g_sent=1&collection=journals&id=11210.1080/14735970.2002.11419878Search in Google Scholar

Crouhy, M., Galai, D., and Mark, Robert. (2006). The Essentials of risk management. New York: McGraw-Hill.Search in Google Scholar

Davies, D., Gough, N., and Erskine, R. (2003). Northern Rock: How does it do it? ABN AMRO.Search in Google Scholar

Davies, R., Richardson, P., Katinaite, V., and Manning, M. (2010). Evolution of the UK banking system. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin Q4: 321–332.Search in Google Scholar

Dawley, S., Marshall, N., Pike, A., Pollard, J., and Tomaney, J. (2011). The Labour market impact of the run on Northern Rock: Continuity and evolution in an old industrial region. Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography 1109. Utrecht, Netherlands: Utrecht University. http://econ.geo.uu.nl/peeg/peeg1109.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

De Bandt, O., Hartmann, P., and Peydró, L. (2012). Systemic Risk in Banking: An Update. In A. Berger, P., Molyneux, P., and J. Wilson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Banking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Deryugina, M. (2009). Standardization of securities regulation: Rehypothecation and securities commingling in the United States and the United Kingdom. Review of Banking & Financial Law 29: 253–288. http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/annrbfl29&g_sent=1&collection=journals&id=256Search in Google Scholar

Desai, M. (1991). Endogenous and exogenous money. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman (Eds.), The New Palgrave: Money. New York, New York: WW Norton. http://cas.umkc.edu/econ/economics/faculty/wray/papers/Desai.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Dick, A., and Hannan, T. (2012). Competition and antitrust policy in banking. In A. Berger, P., Molyneux, P., and J. Wilson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Banking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Dicks, M.J. (1988). The demographics of housing demand: household formations and the growth of owner-occupation. Bank of England Discussion Paper 32(July).Search in Google Scholar

Dintenfass, M. (1992). The decline of industrial Britain, 1870–1980. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Dow, J. (2000). What is systemic risk? Moral hazard, initial shocks, and propogation. Monetary and Economic Studies 18(2): 1–24. http://www.imes.boj.or.jp/research/papers/english/me18-2-1.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Drake, L. (1997). The economics of mutuality; Building Societies Association, Paper Number 3. D. Llewellyn, (Ed.), Economics of mutuality and the future of building societies. London: Building Societies Association.Search in Google Scholar

Elliot, L., and Atkinson, D. (2008). The Gods that failed. London: Random House.Search in Google Scholar

Erturk, I., Froud, J., Leaver, A., Moran, M., and Williams, K. (2011). Haldane’s gambit: Political arithmetic and/or a new metaphor. CRESC Working Paper 97. http://www.cresc.ac.uk/publications/haldane%E2%80%99s-gambit-political-arithmeticandor- a-new-metaphor-0Search in Google Scholar

Fforde, J.S. (1983). Competition, innovation and regulation in British banking. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin 23(3) September: 363–376.Search in Google Scholar

Financial Services Authority (2009). The Turner review: A regulatory response to the global banking crisis. London: Financial Services Authority. http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/turner_review.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Financial Services Authority (2011). The failure of the Royal Bank of Scotland. London: Financial Services Authority. http://www.fsa.gov.uk/library/other_publications/miscellaneous/2011/rbs.shtmlSearch in Google Scholar

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Fisher, I. (1933). The debt-deflation theory of great depressions. Econometrica 1(4): 337–357. http://www.jstor.org/stable/190732710.2307/1907327Search in Google Scholar

Fligstein, N. (2001). The architecture of markets: An economic sociology of twenty-first century capitalist societies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Freud, D. (1979). Exchange controls’ quick end. Financial Times.Search in Google Scholar

Galati, G., and Moessner, R. (2011). Macroprudential policy – A literature review. Bank for International Settlements Working Paper 337. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements. http://www.bis.org/publ/work337.htmSearch in Google Scholar

Geanakoplos, J. (2010). Solving the present crisis and managing the leverage cycle. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Economic Policy Review, August: 101–131. http://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fednep/y2010iaugp101-131nv.16no.1.html10.2139/ssrn.1539488Search in Google Scholar

Goodhart, C. (2009). The continuing muddles of monetary theory: A steadfast refusal to Face facts. Economica 76(1): 821–830. http://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/econom/v76y2009is1p821-830.html10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00790.xSearch in Google Scholar

Goodhart, C. (2010). Money, credit, and bank behaviour: Need for a new approach. National Institute Economic Review 214(1): 73-82. http://www.reservebank.govt.nz/research/fellowship/4111226.pdf10.1177/0027950110389774Search in Google Scholar

Goodhart, C. (2011). The changing role of central banks. Financial History Review 18(2): 135–154. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=833107410.1017/S0968565011000096Search in Google Scholar

Gorton, G. (2010). Slapped by the invisible hand: The panic of 2007. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780199734153.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Gray, J., and Akseli, O. (2011). Financial regulation in crisis? The role of law and the failure of Northern Rock. Cheltenham: Edgar Elgar.10.4337/9780857933102Search in Google Scholar

Gray, J. (2004). Personal finance and corporate governance: The missing link: Product regulation and policy conflicts. Journal of Corporate Law Studies 4(1): 187–220. http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/corplstd4&g_sent=1&collection=journals&id=18910.1080/14735970.2004.11419918Search in Google Scholar

Hacking, I. (1990). The taming of chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511819766Search in Google Scholar

Haldane, A. (2009). Rethinking the financial network. Speech delivered at the Financial Student Association, Amsterdam. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2009/speech386.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Haldane, A., and Nelson, B. (2012). Tails of the unexpected. Speech delivered at the University of Edinburgh Business School. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2012/speech582.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Hamalainen, P. (2009). Fallout from the credit squeeze and Northern rock crises: Incentives, transparency and implications for the role of market discipline. In F. Bruni and D. Llewellyn (Eds.), The failure of Northern Rock: A multidimensional case study. Vienna: SUERF–The European Money and Finance Forum. http://ideas.repec.org/h/erf/erfssc/53-3.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Hamilton, J., and Bergoe, K. (2004). Northern Rock. West LB.Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. (1973). Law, legislation and liberty. Volume 1. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Helleiner, E. (1994). States and the reemergence of global finance: From Breton Woods to the 1990s. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Herrigel, G. (2006). Corporate Governance: History without historians. Paper prepared for Geoffrey Jones and Jonathan Zeitlin (eds.), Handbook for Business History, Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www2.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~sousei/Herrigel.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Herring, R. (2011). The Known, the unknown, and the unknowable in financial policy: An application to the subprime crisis. http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/cbl/Herring_Known_Unknown.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Hickman v Kent & Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders Association Ltd [1915] 1 Ch 881Search in Google Scholar

Hird, C. (1996). Building societies: Stakeholding in practice and under threat. New Left Review, 218: 40–52.Search in Google Scholar

HM Treasury (2009). Legislative reform order (industrial and provident societies and credit unions). http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/2687/contents/madeSearch in Google Scholar

Howe, G. (1994). Conflict of loyalty. London: Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar

Independent Commission on Banking (2011). Final report: Recommendations. http://bankingcommission.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/ICB-Final-Report.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Ingham, G. (2004). The nature of money. Cambridge: Polity Press.Search in Google Scholar

International Monetary Fund (2011). Global financial stability report. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/gfsr/2011/02/index.htmSearch in Google Scholar

Jones, S. (2007). Northern Rock: “The world changed on August 9.” Financial Times. http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/2007/09/14/7309/northern-rock-the-world-changed-onaugust-9/Search in Google Scholar

Kettering, K. (1999). Repledge deconstructed. University of Pittsburgh Law Review 61: 45–239. http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/upitt61&g_sent=1&collection=journals&id=55Search in Google Scholar

King, M. (2004). What fates impose: Facing up to uncertainty. The Eighth British Academy Annual Lecture 2004. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2004/speech234.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Knight, F. (2010). Risk, uncertainty, and profit. Charleston, South Carolina: Nabu Press.Search in Google Scholar

Knight, F. (1997). Ethics of competition. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

Laeven, L., and Valencia, F. (2008). Systemic banking crises: A new database. IMF Working Paper 224. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2008/wp08224.pdf10.2139/ssrn.1278435Search in Google Scholar

Lascelles, D. (2005). Other people’s money. London: Institute of Financial Services.Search in Google Scholar

Lavoie, M. (1984). The endogenous flow of credit and the post Keynesian theory of money. Journal of Economic Issues XVIII(3) September: 771–797. http://cas.umkc.edu/econ/economics/faculty/wray/601wray/the%20endogenous%20flow%20of%20credit.pdf10.1080/00213624.1984.11504274Search in Google Scholar

Lazonick, W. (2012). The financialization of the US corporation: What has been lost, and how it can be regained. Conference paper presented at University College, London. http://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/42307.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Lazonick, W., and O’Sullivan, M. (2000). Maximizing shareholder value: A new ideology for corporate governance. Economy and Society 29(1): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085140036054110.1080/030851400360541Search in Google Scholar

LiPuma, E. and Lee, B. (2004). Financial derivatives and the globalization of risk. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Lo Duca, M. and Peltonen, T. (2011). Macro-financial vulnerabilities and future financial stress: Assessing systemic risks and predicting systemic events. ECB Working Paper Series Number 1311. Frankfurt: European Central Bank. http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1311.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Macey, J., and O’Hara, M. (2003). The corporate governance of banks. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review 9(1): 91–107. http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/epr/03v09n1/0304mace.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Marshall, N., Willis, R., and Richardson, R. (2003). Demutualisation, strategic choice, and social responsibility. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 21(5): 735–760. http://ideas.repec.org/a/pio/envirc/v21y2003i5p735-760.html10.1068/c30mSearch in Google Scholar

Marshall, N., Pike, A., Pollard, J., Tomaney, J., Dawley, S., and Gray, J. (2011). Placing the run on Northern Rock. Journal of Economic Geography 12(1): 1–25. http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/jecgeo/v12y2012i1p157-181.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Martin, R., and Turner, D. (2000). Demutualisation and the remapping of financial landscapes. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 25(2): 221–241.Search in Google Scholar

Martin, R., Casson, P., and Nisar, T. (2007). Investor engagement: Investors and management practice under shareholder value. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780199202607.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

McKinnon, R. (1993). The rules of the game: International money in historical perspective. Journal of Economic Literature XXXI(March): 1–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2728149Search in Google Scholar

Miller, R., and Wood, J. (1979). Exchange controls for ever? London: Institute of Economic Affairs.Search in Google Scholar

Milne, A., and Wood, G. (2008). Shattered on the Rock? British financial stability from 1866 to 2007. Research Discussion Papers 30. Helsinki, Finland: Bank of Finland. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=131822210.2139/ssrn.1318222Search in Google Scholar

Minsky, H. (1991). Financial crises: Systemic or idiosyncratic? Jerome Levy Economic Institute Working Paper Number 51. http://estes.levy.org/pubs/wp51.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Mishkin, F. (1999). Global financial instability: Framework, events, issues. Journal of Economic Perspectives 13(4): 3–20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/264701010.1257/jep.13.4.3Search in Google Scholar

Money Markets International Stockbrokers Ltd (An Irish broking firm – Action brought by liquidators) V London Stock Exchange Ltd [2001] EWHC 1052.Search in Google Scholar

Moore, B. (1979). The endogenous money stock. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 2(Fall): 49–70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/453751110.1080/01603477.1979.11489137Search in Google Scholar

Moran, M. (1984). The politics of banking. London: Palgrave MacMillan.10.1007/978-1-349-04512-9Search in Google Scholar

Morris, C. (2008). The two trillion dollar meltdown: Easy money, high rollers and the great credit crash. New York: Public Affairs. http://www.kantakji.com/fiqh/Files/Economics/w113.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Needler Financial Services Ltd v Taber [2001] EWHC Ch 5Search in Google Scholar

Northern Rock (2001). Annual report and accounts 2000. Newcastle: Northern Rock.Search in Google Scholar

Northern Rock (2004). Annual report and accounts 2003. Newcastle: Northern Rock. http://www.northernrock.co.uk/downloads/report_acc03.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Northern Rock (2006a). Annual report and accounts 2005. Newcastle: Northern Rock. http://www.northernrock.co.uk/downloads/report_acc05.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Northern Rock (2006b). Pursuing a growth strategy. Times 100 Case Studies. http://companyinfo.northernrock.co.uk/downloads/results/NorthernRockFinalV2.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Northern Rock (2007). Annual report and accounts 2006. Newcastle: Northern Rock. http://www.northernrock.co.uk/downloads/report_acc06.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Obrinksy, M. (1983). Profit theory and capitalism. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.Search in Google Scholar

Onado, M. (2009). Northern Rock: Just the tip of the iceberg. In F. Bruni and D. Llewellyn (Eds.), The failure of Northern Rock: A multi-dimensional case study. Vienna: SUERF– The European Money and Finance Forum. http://ideas.repec.org/h/erf/erfssc/53-5.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Oxford Centre for Mutual & Employee-owned Business. (2009). Converting failed financial institutions into mutual organisations. London: Building Societies Association. http://www.bsa.org.uk/docs/presspdfs/remutualisation.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch 421Search in Google Scholar

Peskin v Anderson [2000] EWCA Civ 326Search in Google Scholar

Postone, M. (2012). Thinking the global crisis. The South Atlantic Quarterly 111(2): 227–249.Search in Google Scholar

Pozsar, Z., A., Ashcraft, A., and Boesky, H. (2010). Shadow banking. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report 458. http://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fednsr/458.html10.2139/ssrn.1645337Search in Google Scholar

Rafferty, M. (2008). Northern Rock plc: A case study in banking policy during times of duress. Proceedings of the 2008 Annual System Dynamics Conference. http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2008/proceed/proceed.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Re D’Jan [BCC] 646.Search in Google Scholar

Rajan, R. (2010). Fault lines: How hidden fractures still threaten the world economy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Reinhart, C., and Rogoff, K. (2009). This time is different: Eight centuries of financial folly. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Robb, R. (2009). Nietzsche and the economics of becoming. Capitalism and Society 4(1). http://ideas.repec.org/a/bpj/capsoc/v4y2009i1n3.html10.2202/1932-0213.1051Search in Google Scholar

Rogers, D. (1999). The big four British banks: Organisation, strategy, and the future. New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-1-349-27760-5Search in Google Scholar

Rogers, E. (2007). Hitting Northern Rock bottom: Lessons from nineteenth-century British banking. Policy papers. http://www.historyandpolicy.org/hp/papers/policy-paper- 64.html.Search in Google Scholar

Sage, R., and Patel, V. 17 September 2007. Northern Rock. Bears Stearns.Search in Google Scholar

Samuelson, P. (2010). Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Search in Google Scholar

Schularick, M., and Taylor, A. (2011). Credit booms gone bust: Monetary policy, leverage cycles, and financial crises, 1870–2008. Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper Series 7570. http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i2p1029-61.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Sheffield and South Yorkshire Permanent Building Society v Aizlewood and others (1889) 44 Ch D 412Search in Google Scholar

Shin, H. (2009). Reflections on Northern Rock: The bank run that heralded the global financial crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(1): 101–119. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2764829610.1257/jep.23.1.101Search in Google Scholar

Sollis, R. (2009). Value at risk: A critical overview. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 17(4): 398–414. http://ideas.repec.org/a/eme/jfrcpp/v17y2009i4p398-414.html10.1108/13581980911004370Search in Google Scholar

Stephens, M. (2001). Building society demutualisation in the UK. Housing Studies 16(3): 335–352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267303012004970610.1080/02673030120049706Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, J. (2006). Creating capitalism: Joint-stock enterprise in British politics and culture, 1800–1870. Suffolk: The Boydell Press.Search in Google Scholar

Toporowski, J. (2005). Theories of financial disturbances: An examination of critical theories of finance from Adam Smith to the present day. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Press.10.4337/9781845425739Search in Google Scholar

Wade, R. (2009). Iceland as Icarus. Challenge 52(3): 5–33.Search in Google Scholar

Walters, B. (2008). The fall of Northern Rock. Petersfield: Harriman House Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Walker, D. (2009). A review of corporate governance in UK banks and other financial industry entities – Final recommendations. London. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/d/walker_review_261109.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Warner, A. (1997). Faith of the converted. The Banker 147: 856.Search in Google Scholar

Watson, K. (2004). The financial services sector since 1945. In R. Floud and P. Johnson (Eds.), The Cambridge economic history of modern Britain, Volume III: Structural change and growth, 1939–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CHOL9780521820387.008Search in Google Scholar

Weale, M. (2007). Northern Rock: Solutions and problems. National Institute Economic Review 202: 4–8. http://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/niesru/v202y2007i1p4-8.html10.1177/0027950107086159Search in Google Scholar

Wolf, M. (2008). Fixing global finance. Batimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Wood, G. (1985). Exchange controls in the United Kingdom. Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken Quarterly Review 3: 66–71.Search in Google Scholar

Wray, R. (1990). Money and credit in capitalist economies: The endogenous money approach. Aldershot: Edgar Elgar.Search in Google Scholar