Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T17:18:48.273Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mediated Moderation or Moderated Mediation: Relationship between Length of Unemployment, Resilience, Coping and Health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Víctor Sojo  and
Leticia Guarino
Víctor Sojo*
Affiliation:
Universidad Central de Venezuela (Venezuela)
Leticia Guarino
Affiliation:
Universidad Simón Bolívar (Venezuela)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Víctor Sojo. Cátedra de Psicología Experimental. Escuela de Psicología. Edificio de la Facultad de Humanidades y Educación. Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas. Los Chaguaramos, Caracas-Venezuela. Código postal: 1041. Phone: +61-8344-6345. E-mail: victor.sojo@ucv.ve; vsojo@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of the present research was to evaluate a model of mediated moderation vs. moderated mediation that could explain the relationship between length of unemployment, dispositional resilience, coping styles and depression and social functioning of Venezuelan unemployed individuals. Self-report measures were administered to a sample of 328 unemployed residents in Caracas, Venezuela. Results indicated that emotional coping acted as a mediator in the relationship between resilience and depression. Individuals with greater resilience used more detachment coping when unemployment was longer, while individuals with poorer resilience in the same situation used less avoidance coping. Resilience acted as a protective moderating factor between longer periods of unemployment and social functioning, a process mediated by detachment coping. Overall, results supported a mediated moderation model, with resilience as the moderating factor and coping as the mediator in the relation between stress due to the length of unemployment and well-being.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar un modelo de moderación mediada vs. mediación moderada que permitiera explicar la relación entre la duración del desempleo, una medida disposicional de resiliencia, los estilos de afrontamiento y la depresión y el funcionamiento social percibido en desempleados venezolanos. Para ello se administraron instrumentos de auto-informe a una muestra de 328 desempleados residentes en la ciudad de Caracas, Venezuela. Los resultados indicaron que el afrontamiento emocional operó como un factor mediador en la relación entre la resiliencia y la depresión. Asimismo, las personas más resilientes usan más el afrontamiento por desapego cuando tienen más tiempo desempleadas, mientras que las personas menos resilientes en esa misma condición hacen menos afrontamiento evitativo. La resiliencia operó como factor moderador del impacto de la duración del desempleo sobre el funcionamiento social, actuando como un factor protector, proceso que estuvo mediado por el afrontamiento por desapego emocional. En síntesis, los resultados apoyan un modelo de moderación mediada, siendo la resiliencia el factor moderador y el afrontamiento el factor mediador en el impacto del estrés por la duración del desempleado sobre la salud.

Keywords

unemploymentresiliencecoping styleshealthmediated moderationdesempleoresilienciaestilos de afrontamientosaludmoderación mediada
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , May 2011 , pp. 272 - 281
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguinis, H. (2004). Regression Analysis for categorical moderators. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Aiken, L., & West, S. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, USA: Sage.Google Scholar
Álvaro, J. (1992). Desempleo y bienestar psicológico [Unemployment and psychological well-being]. Madrid: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar
Artazcoz, L., Benach, J., Borrell, C., & Cortes, I. (2004). Unemployment and Mental Health: Understanding the Interactions Among Gender, Family Roles, and Social Class. American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 82–88. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.1.82Google Scholar
Aspinwall, L., & Taylor, S. (1992). Modeling cognitive adaptation: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of individual differences and coping on college adjustment and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 989–1003. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.989Google Scholar
Baron, R., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173Google Scholar
Beasley, M., Thompson, T., & Davidson, J. (2003). Resilience in response to life stress: The effects of coping style and cognitive hardiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 77–95. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00027-2Google Scholar
Bethelmy, L., & Guarino, L. (2008). Afrontamiento y sensibilidad emocional como moderadores de la relación estrés-salud en médicos venezolanos [Coping and emotional sensitivity as moderators of the stress-health relationship among Venezuelan doctors]. Summa Psicológica UST, 5, 3–16.Google Scholar
Brosschot, J. Pieper, S., & Thayer, J. (2005). Expanding stress theory: prolonged activation and perseverative cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1043–1049. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.008Google Scholar
Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S., & Stein, M. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 585–599. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001Google Scholar
Carver, C., Scheier, M., & Weintraub, J. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dooley, D., Fielding, J., & Lennart, L. (1996). Health and unemployment. Annual Review of Public Health, 17, 449–465. doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.002313Google Scholar
Ferrando, P., Chico, E., & Tous, J. (2002). Propiedades psicométricas del test de optimismo Life Orientation Test [Psychometric properties of the optimism scale Life Orientation Test]. Psicothema, 14(3), 673–680.Google Scholar
Folkman, S. (2008). The case for positive emotions in the stress process. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 21(1), 3–14. doi:10.1080/10615800701740457Google Scholar
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. (2000). Positive Affect and the Other Side of Coping. American Psychologist, 55(6), 647–654. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.647Google Scholar
Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in Counseling Psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115–134. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115Google Scholar
Friedrich, R. J. (1982). In defense of multiplicative terms in multiple regression equations. American Journal of Political Science, 26, 797–833. doi:10.2307/2110973Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. (1972). The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grossi, G. (1999). Coping and Emotional Distress in a Sample of Swedish Unemployed. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 157–165. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00113Google Scholar
Guarino, L. (2004). Emotional Sensitivity: a new measure of emotional lability and its moderating role in the stress-illness relationship. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of York, UK.Google Scholar
Guarino, L. (2009). Validación del modelo de sensibilidad emocional. Propuesta de un modelo de mediación moderada [Validation of the emotional sensitivity model. Proposal of a moderated mediation model]. Unpublished manuscript, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela.Google Scholar
Guarino, L., Sojo, V., & Bethelmy, L. (2007). Adaptación y validación preliminar de la versión hispana del CSQ (Coping Style Questionnaire) [Adaptation and preliminary validity of the Hispanic version of the CSQ (Coping Style Questionnaire)]. Psicología Conductual, 15, 173–189.Google Scholar
Herrera, V., & Guarino, L. (2008). Personalidad, estrés y salud en cadetes navales venezolanos [Personality, stress and health in Venezuelan navy officials]. Universitas Psicológica, 7(1), 185–198.Google Scholar
Kinicki, A., & Latack, J. (1990). Explication of the construct of coping with involuntary job loss. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36, 339–360. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(90)90036-2Google Scholar
Kulik, L. (2001). Impact of length of unemployment and age on jobless men and women: a comparative analysis. Journal of Employment Counseling, 38(3), 15–27.Google Scholar
Lai, J., & Chan, R. (2002). The effects of job-search motives and coping on psychological health and re-employment: a study of unemployed Hong Kong Chinese. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(3), 465–483. doi:10.1080/09585190110111486Google Scholar
Lai, J., & Wong, W. (1998). Optimism and Coping with Unemployment among Hong Kong Chinese Women. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 454–479. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1998.2232Google Scholar
Latack, J., & Havlovic, S. (1992). Coping with job stress: A conceptual evaluation framework for coping measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 479–508. doi:10.1002/job.4030130505Google Scholar
Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1986). Estrés y procesos cognitivos [Stress and psychological processes]. Barcelona, Spain: Martínez Roca.Google Scholar
Leana, C., & Feldman, D. (1990). Individual Responses to Job Loss: Empirical Findings from Two Field Studies. Human Relations, 43, 1155–1181. doi:10.1177/001872679004301107Google Scholar
McKee-Ryan, F., Song, Z., Wanberg, C., & Kinicki, A. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 53–76. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53Google Scholar
Molina, J., & Andrade, C. (2002). La estructura factorial del GHQ-60 en una muestra de población general: una versión escalar para población española [Factorial structure of the GHQ-60 in a simple of general population: A scalar version for Spanish population]. Revista Internacional On-line, 1(2). Retrieved from: http://www.bibliopsiquis.com/asmr/0102/0102lef.htmGoogle Scholar
Muller, D., Judd, C., & Yzerbyt, V. (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 852–863. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.852Google Scholar
Patton, W., & Donohue, R. (1998). Coping with Long-term Unemployment. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 8, 331–343. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(1998090)Google Scholar
Pearlin, L., Menaghan, E., Lieberman, M., & Mullan, J. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 337–356. doi:10.2307/2136676Google Scholar
Pearlin, L., & Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 2–21. doi:10.2307/2136539Google Scholar
Powell, L., & Self, W. (2004). Personalized fear, personalized control, and reactions to the September 11 attacks. North American Journal of Psychology, 6(1), 55–70.Google Scholar
Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437–448. doi:10.3102/10769986031004437Google Scholar
Preacher, K., & Hayes, A. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553Google Scholar
Roger, D., Jarvis, G., & Najarian, B. (1993). Detachment and coping: the construction and validation of a new scale for measuring coping strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 619–626. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90003-LGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Retrieved from http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/notebook/self-steem.htmlGoogle Scholar
Scheier, M., & Carver, C. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219Google Scholar
Scheier, M., Carver, C., & Bridges, M. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063Google Scholar
Steptoe, A. (1991). The links between stress and illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 35(6), 633–644. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(91)90113-3Google Scholar
Taylor, S., & Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193–210. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193Google Scholar
Wanberg, C. (1997). Antecedents and outcomes of coping behaviors among unemployed and reemployed individuals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 731–744. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.731Google Scholar