Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc., Fac. Med. Volume 143, 2000 | DOI: 10.5507/bp.2000.002

INTERLEUKIN-1 FAMILY: FROM GENES TO HUMAN DISEASE

Beáta Laurincová
Department of Immunology, Medical Faculty of Palacký University, I. P. Pavlova 6, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is one of the most potent proinflammatory cytokines involved both in physiologicalimmune responses and in the development of various immunopathological disorders. The members of IL-1 familyform a complex system with tight regulatory mechanisms and clarifying their role in disease remains in the centre ofresearch interests. This review article except of summarising recent findings about IL-1 family members focuses onassociations of IL-1 gene complex polymorphisms with human diseases.

Keywords: Interleukin-1, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, Gene polymorphism

Published: July 1, 2000  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Laurincová, B. (2000). INTERLEUKIN-1 FAMILY: FROM GENES TO HUMAN DISEASE. Biomedical papers144(143), 19-30. doi: 10.5507/bp.2000.002
Download citation

References

  1. Okamura, H., Tsutsi, H., Komatsu, T., Yutsudo, M., Hakura, A., Tanomoto, T. et al. (1995) Cloning of a new cytokine that induces IFN-gamma production by T cells. Nature, 378, 88-91. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  2. Smith, D. E., Renshaw, B. R., Ketchem, R. R., Kubin, M., Garka, K. E., Sims, J. E. (2000) Four new members expand the interleukin-1 superfamily. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 1169-1175. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  3. Dale, M., Nicklin, M. J. H. (1999) Interleukin-1 receptor cluster: gene organization of IL1R2, IL1R1, IL1RL2 (IL-1Rrp2), IL1RL1 (T1/ST2), and IL18R1 (IL-1Rrp) on human chromosome 2q. Genomics, 57, 177-179. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  4. Nicklin, M. J., Weith, A., Duff, G. W. (1994) A physical map of the region encompassing the human interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin- 1 beta, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes. Genomics, 19, 382-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  5. Nolan, K. F., Greaves, D. R., Waldmann, H. (1998) The human interleukin 18 gene maps to 11q22.2-q22.3, closely linked to DRD2 gene locus and distinct from mapped IDDM loci. Genomics, 51, 161-163. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  6. Cox, A., Camp, N. J., Nicklin, M. J. H., di Giovine, F. S., Duff, G.W. (1998) An analysis of linkage disequilibrium in the interleukin- 1 gene cluster, using a novel grouping method for multiallelic markers. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 62, 1180-1188. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  7. Steinkasserer, A., Spurr, N. K., Cox, S., Jeggo, P., Sim, R. B. (1992) The human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) maps to chromosome 2q14-q21, in the region of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta loci. Genomics, 13, 654-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  8. Hauser, C., Saurat, J. H., Schmitt, A., Jaunin, F., Dayer, J. M. (1986) Interleukin 1 is present in human epidermis. J. Immunol., 136, 3317-23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  9. Kawaguchi, Y., Hara, M., Wright, T. M. (1999) Endogenous IL-1 from systemic sclerosis fibroblasts induces IL-6 and PDGF-A. J. Clin. Invest., 103, 1253-60. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  10. Dinarello, C. A. (1996) Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease. Blood, 87, 2095-2147. Go to original source...
  11. Watkins, L. R., Hansen, M. K., Nguyen, K. T., Lee, J. E., Maier, S. F. (1999) Dynamic regulation of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1: molecular biology for non-molecular biologists. Life Sci., 65, 449-481. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  12. Schindler, R., Clark, B. D., Dinarello, C. A. (1990) Dissociation between interleukin-1 beta mRNA and protein synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Biol. Chem., 265, 10232-7. Go to original source...
  13. Stevenson, F. T., Bursten, S. L., Fanton, C., Locksley, R. M., Lovett, D. H. (1993) The 31-kDa precursor of interleukin-1 is myristoylated on specific lysines within the 16-kDa N-terminal propiece. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 7245. Go to original source...
  14. Kobayashi, Y., Yamamoto, K., Saido, T., Kawasaki, H., Oppenheim, J. J., Matsushima, K. (1990) Identification of calciumactivated neutral protease as a processing enzyme of human interleukin 1 alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 5548. Go to original source...
  15. Wewers, M. D., Winnard, A. V., Dare, H. A. (1999) Endotoxinstimulated monocytes release multiple forms of IL-1, including a pro-IL-1 form whose detection is affected by export. J. Immunol., 162, 4858-4863. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  16. Wilson, K. P., Black, J. A., Thomson, J. A., Kim, E. E., Griffith, J. P., Navia, M. A. et al. (1994) Structure and mechanism of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Nature, 370, 270-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  17. Schönbeck, U., Mach, F., Libby, P. (1998) Generation of biologically active IL-1 by matrix metalloproteinases: A novel caspase- 1-independent pathway of IL-1 processing. J. Immunol., 161, 3340-3346. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  18. Maier, J. A. M., Statuto, M., Ragnotti, G. (1994) Endogenous interleukin 1 alpha must be transported to the nucleus to exert its activity in human endothelial cells. Mol. Cell Biol., 14, 1845. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  19. Horai, R., Asano, M., Sudo, K., Kanuka, H., Suzuki, M., Nishihara, M. et al. (1998) Production of mice deficient in genes for interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-1alpha/beta, and IL-1 receptor antagonist shows that IL-1beta is crucial in turpentineinduced fever development and glucocorticoid secretion. J. Exp. Med., 187, 1463-75. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  20. Fantuzzi, G., Dinarello, C. A. (1996) The inflammatory response in interleukin-1beta-deficient mice: comparison with other cytokine- related knock-out mice. J. Leukoc. Biol., 59, 489-93. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  21. Kozak, W., Kluger, M. J., Soszynski, D., Conn, C. A., Rudolph, K., Leon, L. R. et al. (1998) IL-6 and IL-1 beta in fever. Studies using cytokine-deficient (knockout) mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 856, 33-47. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  22. Labow, M., Schuster, D., Zetterstrom, M., Nunes, P., Terry, R., Cullinan, E. B. et al. (1997) Absence of IL-1 signalling and reduced inflammatory response in IL-1 type I receptor-deficient mice. J. Immunol., 159, 2452-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  23. Butcher, C., Steinkasserer, A., Tejura, S., Lennard, A. C. (1994) Comparison of two promoters controlling expression of secreted or intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist. J. Immunol., 153, 701-11. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  24. Jenkins, J. K., Drong, R. F., Shuck, M. E., Bienkowski, M. J., Slightom, J. L., Arend, W. P. et al. (1997) Intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist promoter. J. Immunol., 158, 748-755. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  25. Roux-Lombard, P. (1998) The interleukin-1 family. Eur. Cytokine Netw., 9(4), 565-76. Go to PubMed...
  26. Malyak, M., Guthridge, J. M., Hance, K. R., Dower, S. K., Freed, J. H., Arend, W. P. (1998) Characterization of a low molecular weight isoform of IL-1 receptor antagonist. J. Immunol., 161, 1997-2003. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  27. Muzio, M., Polentarutti, N., Sironi, M., Poli, G., de Gioia, L., Introna, M. et al. (1995) Cloning and characterization of a new isoform of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. J. Exp. Med., 182, 623-628. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  28. Arend,W. P., Malyak, M., Guthridge, C. J., Gabay, C. (1998) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: Role in biology. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 16, 27-55. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  29. Malyak, M., Smith, M. F., Abel, A. A., Hance, K. R., Arend, W. P. (1998) The differential production of three forms of IL-1 receptor antagonist by human neutrophils and monocytes. J. Immunol., 161, 2004-2010. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  30. Watson, J. M., Lofquist, A. K., Rinehart, C. A., Olsen, J. C., Makarov, S. S., Kaufman, D. G. et al. (1995) The intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist alters IL-1-inducible gene expression without blocking exogenous signaling by IL-1. J. Immunol., 155, 4467-4475. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  31. Higgins, G. C., Wu, Y., Postethwaite, A. E. (1999) Intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist is elevated in human dermal fibroblasts that overexpresses intracellular precursor IL-1. J. Immunol., 163, 3969-3975. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  32. Hirsch, E., Irikura, V. M., Paul, S. M., Hirsh, D. (1996) Functions of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in gene knockout and overproducing mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 93, 11008-11013. Go to original source...
  33. Cullinan, E. B., Kwee, L., Nunes, P., Shuster, D. J., Ju, G., McIntyre, K. W. et al. (1998) IL-1 receptor accessory protein is an essential component of the IL-1 receptor. J. Immunol., 161, 5614-5620. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  34. Sims, J. E., Giri, J. G., Dower, S. K. (1994) The two interleukin- 1 receptors play different roles in IL-1 actions. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 72, 9-14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  35. Lang, D., Knop, J., Wesche, H., Raffetseder, U., Kurrle, R., Boraschi, D. et al. (1998) The type II IL-1 receptor interacts with the IL-1 receptor accessory protein: A novel mechanism of regulation of IL-1 responsiveness. J. Immunol., 161, 6871-6877. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  36. Colotta, F., Saccani, S., Giri, J. G., Dower, S. K., Sims, J. E., Introna, M., Mantovani, A. (1996) Regulated expression and release of the IL-1 decoy receptor in human mononuclear phagocytes. J. Immunol., 156, 2534-2541. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  37. Arend, W. P., Malyak, M., Smith, M. F. Jr., Whisenand, T. D., Slack, J. L., Sims, J. E. et al. (1994) Binding of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-1 receptor antagonist by soluble IL-1 receptors and levels of soluble IL-1 receptors in synovial fluid. J. Immunol., 153, 4766-74. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  38. Cao, Z., Henzel, W. J., Gao, X. (1996) IRAK: A kinase associated with interleukin-1 receptor. Science, 271, 1128-1131. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  39. Muzio, M., Jian, N., Ping, F., Dixit, V. M. (1997) IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL- 1 signaling. Science, 278, 1612-1615. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  40. Wesche, H., Gao, X., Li, X., Kirschning, C. J., Stark, G. R., Cao, Z. (1999) IRAK-M is as novel member of the Pelle/interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 19403-10. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  41. Singh, R., Wang, B., Shirvaikar, A., Khan, S., Kamat, S., Schelling, J. R. et al. (1999) The IL-1 receptor and Rho directly associate to drive cell activation in inflammation. J. Clin. Invest., 103, 1561-1570. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  42. Fantuzzi, G., Dinarello, C. A. (1999) Interleukin-18 and interleukin- 1: two cytokine substrates for ICE (caspase-1). J. Clin. Immunol., 19, 1-11. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  43. Kojima, H., Takeuchi, M., Ohta, T., Nishida, Y., Arai, N., Ikeda, M. et al. (1998) Interleukin-18 activates the IRAK-TRAF6 pathway in mouse EL-1 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 244, 183-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  44. Dinarello, C. A. (1999) IL-18: A Th1-inducing, proinflammatory cytokine and a new member of the IL-1 family. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 103(1Pt1), 11-24. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  45. Dinarello, C. A., Ikejama, T., Warner, S. J. C., Orencole, S. F., Lonnemann, G., Cannon, J. G., Libby, P. (1987) Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. I. Induction of circulating interleukin 1 in rabbits in vivo and in human mononuclear cells in vitro. J. Immunol., 139, 1902-1910. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  46. Granowitz, E. V., Clark, B. D., Vannier, E., Callahan, M. V., Dinarello, C. A. (1992) Effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade on cytokine synthesis: I. IL-1 receptor antagonist inhibits IL-1- induced cytokine synthesis and blocks the binding of IL-1 to its type II receptor on human monocytes. Blood, 79, 2356-2363. Go to original source...
  47. Arend, W. P., Welgus, H. G., Thompson, R. C., Eisenberg, S. P. (1990) Biological properties of recombinant human monocytederived interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. J. Clin. Invest., 85, 1694-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  48. Granowitz, E. V., Clark, B. D., Mancilla, J., Dinarello, C. A. (1991) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist competetively inhibits the binding of interleukin-1 to the type II interleukin-1 receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 14147-50. Go to original source...
  49. van den Berg, W. B., Bresnihan, B. (1999) Pathogenesis of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: evidence of a dominant role for interleukin-1. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol., 13, 577-97. Go to original source...
  50. Bendele, A., McBee, T., Sennello, G., Frazier, J., Chlipala, E. et al. (1999) Efficacy of sustained blood levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in animal models of arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 42, 498-506. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  51. van den Berg, W. B., Joosten, L. A., Kollias, G., van den Loo, F. A. (1999) Role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in experimental arthritis: separate activity of interleukin 1 beta in chronicity and cartilage destruction. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 58 Suppl 1, 140-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  52. Horai, R., Saijo, S., Tanioka, H., Nakae, S., Sudo, K., Okahara, A. et al. (2000) Development of chronic inflammatory arthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis in interleukin 1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med., 191, 313-20. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  53. Joosten, L. A. B., Helsen, M. M. A., Saxne, T., van de Loo, F. A. J., Heinegard, D., van den Berg, W. B. (1999) IL-1 blockade prevents cartilage and bone destruction in murine type II collagen- induced arthritis, whereas TNF- blockade only ameliorates joint inflammation. J. Immunol., 163, 5049-5055. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  54. Bresnihan, B., Alvaro-Gracia, J. M., Cobby, M., Doherty, M., Domljan, Z., Emery, P. et al. (1998) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum., 41, 2196-2204. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  55. Suzuki, H., Takemura, H., Kashiwagi, H. (1995) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum., 38, 1055-1059. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  56. Andersen, L. S., Petersen, J., Svenson, M., Bendtzen, K. (1999) Production of IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-10 by mononuclear cells from patients with SLE. Autoimmunity, 30, 235-42. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  57. Kawaguchi, Y. (1994) IL-1 alpha gene expression and protein production by fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 97, 445-50. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  58. Paolieri, F., Salmaso, C., Battifora, M., Montagna, P., Pesce, G., Bagnasco, M., Richiusa, P. (1999) Possible pathogenetic relevance of interleukin1 beta in destructive organ-specific autoimmune disease (Hashimoto s thyroiditis). Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 876, 221-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  59. Reinecker, H. C., Steffen, M., Witthoeft, T., Pflueger, I., Schreiber, S., MacDermott, R. P., Raedler, A. (1993) Enhanced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1 beta by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 94, 174-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  60. Nakamura, M., Saito, H., Kasanuki, J., Tamura, Y., Yoshida, S. (1992) Cytokine production in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 33, 933-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  61. Nishiyama, T., Mitsuyama, K., Toyonaga, A., Sasaki, E., Tanikawa, K. (1994) Colonic mucosal interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion, 55, 368-73. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  62. Schreiber, S., Nikolaus, S., Hampe, J., Hamling, J., Koop, I., Groessner, B. et al. (1999) Tumour necrosis factor and interleukin1 in relapse of Crohns disease. Lancet, 353, 459-461. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  63. Casini-Raggi, V., Kam, L., Chong, Y. J., Fiocchi, C., Pizarro, T. T., Cominelli, F. (1995) Mucosal imbalance of IL-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist in inflammatory bowel disease. A novel mechanism of chronic intestinal inflammation. J. Immunol., 154, 2434-40. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  64. Ferretti, M., Casini-Raggi, V., Pizarro, T. T., Eisenberg, S. P., Nast, C. C., Cominelli, F. (1994) Neutralization of endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist exacerbates and prolongs inflammation in rabbit immune colitis. J. Clin. Invest., 94, 449-453. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  65. Gramantieri, L., Casali, A., Trere, D., Gaiani, S., Piscaglia, F., Chieco, P. et al. (1999) Imbalance of IL-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist mRNA in liver tissue from hepatitis C virus (HCV)- related chronic hepatitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 115, 515-520. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  66. Norman, J. (1998) The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Surg., 175, 76-83. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  67. Suter, P. M., Suter, S., Girardin, E., Roux-Lombard, P., Grau, G. E., Dayer, J. M. (1992) High bronchoalveolar levels of tumor necrosis factor and its inhibitors, interleukin-1, interferon, and elastase, in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrom after trauma, shock, or sepsis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 145, 1016-22. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  68. Donelly, S. C., Strieger, R. M., Reid, P. T., Kunkel, S. L., Burdick, M. D., Armstrong, I. et al. (1996) The association between mortality rates and decreased concentrations of interleukin-10 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the lung fluids of patients with the adult respiratoty distress syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med., 125, 191-196. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  69. Pugin, J., Ricou, B., Steinberg, K. P., Suter, P. M., Martin, T. R. (1996) Proinflammatory activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with ARDS, a prominent role for interleukin-1. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 153, 1850-1856. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  70. Bauer, T. T., Monton, C., Torres, A., Cabello, H., Fillela, X., Maldonado, A. et al. (2000) Comparison of systemic cytokine levels in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrom, severe pneumonia, and controls. Thorax, 55, 46-52. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  71. Chang, D. M., Hsu, K., Ding, Y. A., Chiang, C. H. (1997) Interleukin-1 in ischemia-reperfusion acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 156, 1230-1234. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  72. Montravers, P., Chollet-Martin, S., Marmuse, J. P., Gougerot- Pocidale, M. A., Desmonts, J. M. (1995) Lymphatic release of cytokines during acute lung injury complicating acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 152, 1527-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  73. Denham, W., Yang, J., Norman, J. (1997) Evidence for an unknown component of pancreatic ascites that induces adult respiratory distress syndrome through an interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-dependent mechanism. Surgery, 122, 295-302. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  74. Hastie, A. T., Everts, K. B., Cho, S. K., Zangrilli, J., Shaver, J. R., Pollice, M. B. et al. (1996) IL-1 release from cultured bronchial epithelial cells and bronchoalveolar lavage cells from allergic and normal humans following segmental challenge with ragweed. Cytokine, 8, 730-738. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  75. Smith, D. R., Kunkel, S. L., Standiford, T. J., Rolfe, M. W., Lynch III J. P., Arenberg, D. A. et al. (1995) Increased interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 151, 1965-1973. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  76. Nagai, S., Aung, H., Takeuchi, M., Kusume, K., Izumi, T. (1991) IL-1 and IL-1 inhibitory activity in the culture supernatants of alveolar macrophages from patients with interstitial lung diseases. Chest, 99, 674-680. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  77. Takeuchi, M., Nagai, S., Tsutumi, T., Mio, T., Izumi, T. (1997) The number of interleukin 1 receptors in lung fibroblasts in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration, 66, 236-241. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  78. Steffen, M., Petersen, J., Oldigs, M., Karmeier, A., Magnussen, H., Thiele, H. G., Raedler, A. (1993) Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1-beta, and interleukin- 6 by alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 91, 939-49. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  79. Gogos, C. A., Drosou, E., Bassaris, H. P., Skoutelis, A. (2000) Pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in patients with severe sepsis: a marker for prognosis and future therapeutic options. J. Infect. Dis., 181, 176-80. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  80. Sutton, E. T., Norman, J. G., Newton, C. A., Hellerman, G. R., Richards, I. S. (1997) Endothelial structural integrity is maintained during endotoxic shock in an interleukin-1 type I receptor knockout mouse. Shock, 7, 105-10. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  81. Koo, D. J., Chaundry, I. H., Wang, P. (1999) Kupffer cells are responsible for producing inflammatory cytokines and hepatocellular dysfunction during early sepsis. J. Surg. Res., 83, 151-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  82. Liu, X. H., Kwon, D., Schielke, G. P., Yang, G. Y., Silverstein, F. S., Barks, J. D. E. (1999) Mice deficient in interleukin-1 converting enzyme are resistant to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 19, 1099-1108. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  83. Hagberg, H., Gilland, E., Bona, E., Hanson, L. A., Hahn-Zoric, M., Blennow, M. et al. (1996): Enhanced expression of interleukin (IL-)-1 and messenger RNA and bioactive protein after hypoxiaischemia in neonatal rats. Pediatr. Res., 40, 603-609. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  84. Furlan, R., Martino, G., Galbiati, F., Poliani, P. L., Smiroldo, S., Bergami, A., Desina, G. et al. (1999) Caspase-1 regulates the inflammatory process leading to autoimmune demyelination. J. Immunol., 163, 2403-2409. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  85. Bidwell, J., Keen, L., Gallagher, G., Kimberly, R., Huizinga, T., McDermott, M. F., Oksenberg, J. et al. (1999) Cytokine gene polymorphism in human disease: on-line databases. Genes Immunity, 1, 3-19. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  86. Bailly, S., di Giovine, F. S., Blakemore, A. I. F., Duff, G. W. (1993) Genetic polymorphism of human interleukin-1. Eur. J. Immunol., 23, 1240-1245. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  87. Pociot, F., Molvig, J., Wogensen, L., Worsaae, H., Nerup, J. (1992) A Taq polymorphism in the human interleukin-1 (IL- 1) gene correlates with IL-1 secretion in vitro. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 22, 396-402. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  88. Santtila, S., Savinainen, K., Hurme, M. (1998) Presence of the IL-1RA allele 2 (IL-1RN*2) is associated with enhanced IL-1 production in vitro. Scand. J. Immunol., 47, 195-198. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  89. Danis, V. A., Milington, M., Hyland, V. J., Grennan, D. (1995) Cytokine production by normal human monocytes: inter-subject variation and relationship to an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL- 1Ra) gene polymorphism. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 99, 303-310. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  90. Tountas, N. A., Casini-Raggi, V., Yang, H., di Giovine, F. S., Vecchi, M., Kam, L. et al. (1999) Functional and ethnic association of allele 2 of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology, 117, 806-813. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  91. Hurme, M., Santtila, S. (1998) IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL- 1Ra) plasma levels are co-ordinately regulated by both IL-1Ra and IL-1 genes. Eur. J. Immunol., 28, 2598-2602. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  92. Hurme, M., Lahdenpohja, N., Santtila, S. (1998) Gene polymorphisms of interleukins 1 and 10 in infectious and autoimmune diseases. Ann. Med., 30, 469-473. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  93. Mansfield, J. C., Holden, H., Tarlow, J. K., di Giovine, F. S., McDowell, T. L., Wilson, A. G. et al. (1994) Novel genetic asssociation between ulcerative colitis and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Gastroenterology, 106, 637-642. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  94. Heresbach, D., Alizadeh, M., Dabadie, A., Le Berre, N., Colombel, J. F., et al. (1997) Significance of interleukin-1 and interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist genetic polymorphism in inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 92, 1164-1169.
  95. Hacker, U. T., Gomolka, M., Keller, E., Eigler, A., Folwaczny, C., Fricke, H. et al. (1997) Lack of association between an interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and ulcerative colitis. Gut, 40, 623-627. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  96. Bioque, G., Crusius, J. B., Koutroubakis, I., Bouma, G., Kostense, P. J., Meuwissen, S. G., Pena, A. S. (1995) Allelic polymorphism in IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) genes in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 102, 379-383. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  97. Sitara, D., Olomolaiye, O., Wood, N., Keen, L., Morse, H., Elson, C. et al. (1999) Identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in intron 1B and exon 1C of the human interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) gene. Genes Immunity, 1, 161-163. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  98. Sitara, D., Wood, N., Morse, H., Keen, L., Bidwell, J. (2000) A Bsr BI polymorphism in exon 1C of the human interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) gene. Genes Immunity, 1, 234-235. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  99. di Giovine, F. S., Takhsh, E., Blakemore, A. I. F., Duff, G. W. (1992) Single base polymorphism at -511 in the human interleukin- 1 gene (IL1). Hum. Mol. Genet., 1, 450. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  100. Guasch, J. F., Bertina, R. M., Reitsma, P. H.(1996) Five novel intragenic dimorphisms in the human interleukin-1 genes combine to high informativity. Cytokine, 8, 598-602. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  101. Tarlow, J. K., Blakemore, A. I. F., Lennard, A. et al. (1993) Polymorphism in human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene intron 2 is caused by variable numbers of an 86-bp tandem repeat. Hum. Genet., 91, 403-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  102. Tarlow, J. K., Clay, F. E., Cork, M. J., Blakemore, A. I. F., McDonagh, A. J. G., Messenger, A. G., Duff, G. W. (1994) Severity of alopecia areata is associated with a polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. J. Invest. Dermatol., 103, 387-390. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  103. Cookson, S., Constantin, P. K., Clare, M., Underhill, J. A., Bernal, W., Czaja, A. J., Donaldson, P. T. (1999) Frequency and nature of cytokine gene polymorphism in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology, 30, 851-856. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  104. Heward, J., Allahabadia, A., Gordon, C., Sheppard, M. C., Barnett, A. H., Franklyn, J. A., Gough, S. C. L. (1999) The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene shows no allelic association with three autoimmune diseases. Thyroid, 9, 627-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  105. Hurme, M., Helminen, M. (1998) Resistance to human cytomegalovirus infection may be influenced by genetic polymorphisms of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 30, 447-449. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  106. Louis, E., Satsangi, J., Roussomoustakaki, M., Parkes, M., Fanning, G., Welsh, K. et al. (1996) Cytokine gene polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 39, 705-710. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  107. Petřek, M., Drábek, J., Kolek, V., Puscinska, E. (1997) IL-1RA polymorphism in interstitial lung disease. Immunol. Letters, 56, 411. Go to original source...
  108. Loughrey, B. V., Maxwell, A. P., Fogarty, D. G., Middleton, D., Harron, J. C., Patterson, C. C. et al. (1998) An interleukin-1B allele, which correlates with high secretor phenotype, is associated with diabetic nephropathy. Cytokine, 10, 984-988. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  109. Tarnow, L., Pociot, F., Hansen, P. M., Rossing, P., Flemming, S. N., Hansen, B. V. et al. (1997) Polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 gene cluster do not contibute to the genetic susceptibility of diabetic nephropathy in Caucasian patients with IDDM. Diabetes, 46, 1075-1941. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  110. Blakemore, A. I., Cox, A., Gonzales, A. M., Maskil, J. K., Hughes, M. E., Wilson, R. M. et al. (1996) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele (IL-1RN*2) associated with nephropathy in diabetes mellitus. Hum. Genet., 97, 369-74. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  111. Keen, R. W., Woodford-Richens, K. L., Lanchbury, J. S., Spector, T. D. (1998) Allelic variation at the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene is associated with early postmenopausal bone loss at the spine. Bone, 23, 367-71. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  112. McDowell, T. L., Symons, J. A., Ploski, R., Forre, O., Duff, G. W. (1995) A genetic association between juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and a novel interleukin-1 polymorphism. Arthritis Rheum., 38, 221-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  113. Donn, R. P., Farhan, A. J., Barrett, J. H., Thomson, W., Worthington, J., Ollier, W. E. (1999) Absence of association between interleukin 1 alpha and oligoarticular juvenile chronic arthritis in UK patients. Rheumatology (Oxford), 38, 171-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  114. Tarlow, J. K., Cork, M. J., Clay, F. E., Schmidt-Egenolf, M., Crane, A. M., Stierle, C. et al. (1997) Association between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene polymorphism and early and late-onset psoriasis. Brit. J. Dermatol., 136, 147-148. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  115. Hurme, M., Helminen, M. (1998) Polymorphism of the IL-1 gene complex in Epstein-Barr virus seronegative and seropositive adult blood donors. Scand. J. Immunol., 48, 219-222. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  116. Mühlberg, T., Kirchberg, M., Spitzweg, C., Herrman, F., Heberling, H.J., Heufelder, A. E. (1998) Lack of association of Graves disease with the A2 allele of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene in a white European population. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 138, 686-690. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  117. Liu, Z. H., Cheng, Z. H., Yu, Y. S., Tang, Z., Li, L. S. (1997) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele: Is it a genetic link between Henoch-Schonlein nephritis and IgA nephropathy? Kidney Int., 51, 1938-1942. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  118. Bergholdt, R., Karlson, A. E., Johannesen, J., Hansen, P. M., Dinarello, C. A., Nerup, J. et al. (1995) Characterization of polymorphisms of an interleukin 1 receptor type 1 gene (IL1RI) promotor region (P2) and their relation to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Cytokine, 7, 727-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  119. Clay, F. E., Cork, M. J., Tarlow, J. K., Blakemore, A. I. F., Harrington, C. I. et al. (1994) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism association with lichen sclerosus. Hum. Genet., 94, 407-410. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  120. Crusius, J. B. A., Pena, A. S., van Oosten, B. W., Bioque, G., Garcia, A., Dijkastra, C. D., Polman, C. H. (1995) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 346, 979-980. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  121. Sciacca, F. L., Ferri, C., Vandenbroeck, K., Veglia, F., Gobbi, C., Martinelli, F. et al. (1999) Relevance of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist intron 2 polymorphism in Italian MS patients. Neurology, 52, 1896-1898. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  122. Schrijver, H. M., Crusius, J. B. A., Uithaag, B. M. J., Gonzalez, M. A. G., Kostense, P. J., Polman, C. H. et al. (1999) Association of interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes with disease severity in MS. Neurology, 52, 595-599. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  123. Huang, D., Pirskanen, R., Hjelmstrom, P., Lefvert, A. K. (1998) Polymorphisms in IL-1beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist genes are associated with myasthenia gravis. J. Neuroimmunol., 81, 76-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  124. Gore, E. A., Sanders, J. J., Pandey, J. P., Palesch, Y., Galbraith, G. M. (1998) Interleukin-1 beta +3953 allele 2: association with disease status in adult periodontitis. J. Clin. Periodont., 25, 781-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  125. Kornman, K. S., Crane, A., Wang, H. Y., di Giovine, F. S., Newman, M. G., Pirk, F. W. et al. (1997) The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease. J. Clin. Periodont., 24, 72-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  126. Perrier, S., Coussediere, C., Dubost, J. J., Albuisson, E., Sauvezie, B. (1998) IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) gene polymorphism in Sjögrens syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 87, 309-313. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  127. Petřek, M., Laurincová, B., Mičeková, D., Boąák, V., Drábek, J., Weigl, E. (2000) IL-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism in primary Sjögren s syndrome. Rheumatologia, 14, 96.
  128. Jouvenne, P., Chaudhary, A., Buchs, N., di Giovine, F. S., Duff, G.W., Miossec, P. (1999) Possible genetic association between interleukin-1 gene polymorphism and the severity of chronic polyarthritis. Eur. Cytokine Netw., 10, 33-6. Go to PubMed...
  129. Langabeer, S. E., Linch, D. C. (1998) IL-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism in patients with secondary myeloid leukaemia. Cytokines Cell Mol. Ther., 4, 7-9.
  130. Fang, X. M., Schroder, S., Hoeft, A., Stuber, F. (1999) Comparison of two polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene family: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist polymorphism contributes to susceptibility to severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med., 27, 1330-1334. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  131. Laurent, C., Thibaut, F., Ravassard, P., Campion, D., Samolyk, D., Lafargue, C. et al. (1997) Detection of two new polymorphic sites in the human interleukin-1 beta gene: lack of association with schizophrenia in a French population. Psychiatr. Genet., 7, 103-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  132. Tatsumi, M., Sasaki, T., Sakai, T., Kamijima, K., Fukuda, R., Kunugi, H. et al. (1997) Genes for interleukin-2 receptor chain, interleukin-1, and schizophrenia: No evidence for the association or linkage. Am. J. Med. Genet., 74, 338-341. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  133. Katila, H., Hanninen, K., Hurme, M. (1999) Polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene complex in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry, 4, 179-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  134. Tjerstrom, F., Hellmer, G., Nived, O., Truedsson, L., Sturfelt, G. (1999) Synergetic affect between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele (IL1RN*2) and MHC class II (DR17,DQ2) in determining susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 8, 103-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  135. Bellamy, R., Ruwende, C., Corrah, T., McAdam, K. P., Whittle, H. C., Hill, A. V. (1998) Assessment of the interleukin 1 gene cluster and other candidate gene polymorphisms in host susceptibility to tuberculosis. Tuber. Lung Dis., 79, 83-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  136. Hacker, U. T., Bidlingmeier, C., Gomolka, M., Keller, E., Eigler, A., Hartmann, G. et al. (1998) Inflammatory bowel disease: no association between allele combinations of the interleukin (IL)1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 28, 214-219. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  137. Nemetz, A., Nosti-Escanilla, M. P., Molnar, T., Kope, A., Kovacs, A., Feher, J. et al. (1999) IL1B gene polymorphisms influence the course and severity of inflammatory bowel disease. Immunogenetics, 49, 527-531. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  138. Bouma, G., Crusius, J. B. A., Garcia-Gonzalez, M. A., Meijer, B. U. G. A., Hellemans, H. P. R., Hakvoort, R. J. et al. (1999) Genetic markers in clinically well defined patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 115, 294-300. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...