Calvano CJ, Enzenauer RW, Eisnor DL, Mazzoli RA. 17(3). 81 - 83. (Journal Article)
Abstract
Nerve agents are a threat to military and civilian health. The antidote, atropine sulfate, is delivered by autoinjector, which is a limited resource. We propose the use of 1% atropine ophthalmic solution (supplied commercially in 5mL or 15 mL bottles) via oral, ocular, and intranasal administration as an expedient substitute in austere environments.
Keywords: nerve agent; chemical warfare; atropine; antidote; alternative treatment